Associated factors with the occurrence of in-hospital cardiac arrest in patients admitted to internal medicine wards for non-cardiovascular causes. / Factores asociados a la ocurrencia de paro cardiaco intrahospitalario en pacientes ingresados en salas de medicina interna por causas no cardiovasculares.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) has a low survival rate, so it is essential to recognize the cases with the highest probability of developing it. The aim of this study is to identify factors associated with the occurrence of IHCA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A single-center case-control study was conducted including 65 patients admitted to internal medicine wards for non-cardiovascular causes who experienced IHCA, matched with 210 admitted controls who did not present with IHCA. RESULTS: The main reason for admission was pneumonia. The most prevalent comorbidity was arterial hypertension. Four characteristics were strongly and independently associated with IHCA presentation, these are electrical left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (OR: 13.8; 95% IC: 4.7-40.7), atrial fibrillation (OR: 9.4: 95% CI: 4.3-20.6), the use of drugs with known risk of torsades de pointes (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.3-5.5) and the combination of the categories known risk plus conditional risk (OR: 17.1; 95% CI: 6.7-50.1). The first two detected in the electrocardiogram taken at the time of admission. CONCLUSION: In admitted patients for non-cardiovascular causes, the use of drugs with a known risk of torsades de pointes, as well as the detection of electrical LVH and atrial fibrillation in the initial electrocardiogram, is independently associated with a higher probability of suffering a IHCA.

Epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric cardiac arrest in a cardiovascular unit at a public hospital in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Children with congenital heart disease present a higher frequency of cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) than the general pediatric population. The epidemiology of CRA is not exactly known in our setting, nor are the mortality risk or the neurological evolution factors. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology and outcomes associated with pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a cardiovascular recovery unit. The primary endpoint was the survival to discharge and the secondary endpoints were the return to spontaneous circulation, the survival at 24 hours and the remote neurological condition. METHODS: Descriptive, prospective, longitudinal cohort study in children under 18 years of age who required cardiopulmonary resuscitation between 2016 and 2019. Demographic variables, characteristics of cardiopulmonary arrest, resuscitation and outcome were analyzed. An uni- and multivariate analysis was performed comparing survivors and deceased. RESULTS: Out of 1,842 hospitalized patients, 4.1% presented CRA. Fifty patients with complete records were analyzed. Seventy-eight percent (39) returned to spontaneous circulation with a high survival rate of 46%. Resuscitation > 6 min and the use of vasoactive drugs were predictors of mortality; 16/23 patients were followed up, 10 of them with normal development for age at 6 months, six had pervasive developmental disorder. CONCLUSIONS: 4.1% of patients presented CRA, with a rate of 3.4 CRA per 1,000 patient-days. Survival at hospital discharge (n = 50) was 46%. Resuscitation > 6 min and the use of vasoactive drugs were independent predictors of mortality. At six months, 63% had normal neurological development for age.

ANTECEDENTES: Los niños con cardiopatías congénitas experimentan paro cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) con mayor frecuencia que la población pediátrica general. Se desconoce la epidemiología exacta del PCR en nuestro medio, al igual que el riesgo de mortalidad y los factores que influyen en la evolución neurológica. OBJETIVO: Describir la epidemiología y los resultados asociados con la reanimación cardiopulmonar pediátrica en una unidad de recuperación cardiovascular. El criterio de valoración primario fue la supervivencia al momento del alta hospitalaria; los secundarios fueron el retorno de la circulación espontánea, la supervivencia a las 24 horas y la condición neurológica en el largo plazo. MÉTODO: Estudio de cohorte longitudinal, descriptivo, prospectivo, en menores de 18 años que requirieron reanimación cardiopulmonar entre 2016 y 2019. Se analizaron las variables demográficas y las características del paro cardiorrespiratorio y de la reanimación, así como su resultado. Se realizaron análisis de una y múltiples variables para comparar a los pacientes sobrevivientes con los fallecidos. RESULTADOS: De los 1,842 pacientes internados, el 4.1% experimentó PCR. Se analizaron 50 pacientes con expedientes completos. Se logró el retorno de la circulación espontánea en el 78% (39), con una supervivencia alta del 46%. La reanimación > 6 min y el uso de fármacos vasoactivos fueron factores predictivos de mortalidad; se realizó el seguimiento de 16/23 pacientes, 10 de ellos con desarrollo normal para la edad luego de seis meses, seis tenían trastorno generalizado del desarrollo. CONCLUSIONES: El 4.1% de los pacientes presentó un PCR, con una tasa de 3.4 PCR por 1,000 días-paciente. La supervivencia al egreso hospitalario (n = 50) fue del 46%. La reanimación > 6 min y la utilización de fármacos vasoactivos fueron factores predictivos independientes de mortalidad. Luego de seis meses, el 63% tenía desarrollo neurológico normal para la edad.

Development validation and evaluation of the knowledge test on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and correct use of the automated external defibrillator in Asunción 2023 / Desarrollo validación y evaluación de la prueba de conocimientos sobre reanimación cardiopulmonar y uso correcto del desfibrilador externo automático en Asunción 2023

Introduction: in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, early and efficient intervention through cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) maneuvers and the use of the automated external defibrillator (AED) are the cornerstone for survival. Instruments that improve education would increase the responsiveness of lay personnel. Objectives: to develop, validate and evaluate a knowledge test on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and correct use of the automated external defibrillator in Asunción during 2023. Methodology: observational cross-sectional study, non-probabilistic sample for convenience of lay personnel users of mass attendance centers in Asunción. An exclusive questionnaire was developed on knowledge in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the use of the automated external defibrillator (KOR-AED) based on the chain of survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Content, construct, and internal consistency were validated using expert opinion, factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. Results: a total of 200 lay people participated, mostly shopping mall customers, with a predominance of men (63.5 %) (127), between 25-29 years old 28.5% (57). 61.5 % (123) had a university education, 75.5 % (151) had not related to health, 52 % (104) had prior knowledge of CPR, but 81.5 % (163) did not. The test showed reliability and suitability for factor analysis (Cronbach's alpha 0.75, Kaiser-Meyers-Olkin; 0.78, Bartlett p<0.05). The questions covered the first three links in the chain of survival, with items of medium to high difficulty. Women performed significantly better (p=0.04). Conclusion: the KOR-AED test is a valid and reliable instrument to improve the education of the layperson in CPR and use of the AED based on the chain of survival.

Introducción: en la parada cardíaca extrahospitalaria la actuación precoz y eficiente mediante maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) y uso del desfibrilador externo automático (DEA) constituyen la piedra angular para la supervivencia. Instrumentos que mejoren la educación aumentarían la respuesta del personal lego. Objetivos: desarrollar, validar y evaluar una prueba de conocimientos sobre reanimación cardiopulmonar y uso correcto del desfibrilador externo automático en Asunción durante el 2023. Metodología: estudio observacional corte transversal, muestro no probabilístico por conveniencia de personal lego usuarios de centros de concurrencia masiva de Asunción. Se desarrolló un cuestionario exclusivo sobre conocimientos en reanimación cardiopulmonar y uso del desfibrilador externo automático (COR-DEA) basado en la cadena de supervivencia en parada cardíaca extrahospitalaria. Se validó el contenido, el constructo y la consistencia interna mediante la opinión de experto, análisis de factores y el alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: participaron 200 legos mayormente clientes de shoppings, predominando hombres 63,5 % (127) entre 25-29 años 28,5 % (57). Con educación universitaria 61,5 % (123), no relacionados con la salud 75,5 % (151), con conocimientos previos en RCP 52 % (104), pero no en DEA 81,5 % (163). El test mostró fiabilidad y adecuación para análisis factorial (Alfa de Cronbach 0.75, Kaiser-Meyers-Olkin; 0.78, Bartlett p<0.05). Las preguntas abarcarón los tres primeros eslabones de la cadena de supervivencia, con ítems de dificultad media a alta. Las mujeres tuvieron significativamente mejor desempeñó (p=0.04). Conclusión: la prueba COR-DEA es un instrumento válido y fiable para mejorar la educación del lego en RCP y uso del DEA basado en la cadena de supervivencia.

Development validation and evaluation of the knowledge test on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and correct use of the automated external defibrillator in Asunción 2023

Introduction: in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, early and efficient intervention through cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) maneuvers and the use of the automated external defibrillator (AED) are the cornerstone for survival. Instruments that improve education would increase the responsiveness of lay personnel. Objectives: to develop, validate and evaluate a knowledge test on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and correct use of the automated external defibrillator in Asunción during 2023. Methodology: observational cross-sectional study, non-probabilistic sample for convenience of lay personnel users of mass attendance centers in Asunción. An exclusive questionnaire was developed on knowledge in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the use of the automated external defibrillator (KOR-AED) based on the chain of survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Content, construct, and internal consistency were validated using expert opinion, factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. Results: a total of 200 lay people participated, mostly shopping mall customers, with a predominance of men (63.5 %) (127), between 25-29 years old 28.5% (57). 61.5 % (123) had a university education, 75.5 % (151) had not related to health, 52 % (104) had prior knowledge of CPR, but 81.5 % (163) did not. The test showed reliability and suitability for factor analysis (Cronbach's alpha 0.75, Kaiser-Meyers-Olkin; 0.78, Bartlett p<0.05). The questions covered the first three links in the chain of survival, with items of medium to high difficulty. Women performed significantly better (p=0.04). Conclusion: the KOR-AED test is a valid and reliable instrument to improve the education of the layperson in CPR and use of the AED based on the chain of survival.

Introducción: en la parada cardíaca extrahospitalaria la actuación precoz y eficiente mediante maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) y uso del desfibrilador externo automático (DEA) constituyen la piedra angular para la supervivencia. Instrumentos que mejoren la educación aumentarían la respuesta del personal lego. Objetivos: desarrollar, validar y evaluar una prueba de conocimientos sobre reanimación cardiopulmonar y uso correcto del desfibrilador externo automático en Asunción durante el 2023. Metodología: estudio observacional corte transversal, muestro no probabilístico por conveniencia de personal lego usuarios de centros de concurrencia masiva de Asunción. Se desarrolló un cuestionario exclusivo sobre conocimientos en reanimación cardiopulmonar y uso del desfibrilador externo automático (COR-DEA) basado en la cadena de supervivencia en parada cardíaca extrahospitalaria. Se validó el contenido, el constructo y la consistencia interna mediante la opinión de experto, análisis de factores y el alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: participaron 200 legos mayormente clientes de shoppings, predominando hombres 63,5 % (127) entre 25-29 años 28,5 % (57). Con educación universitaria 61,5 % (123), no relacionados con la salud 75,5 % (151), con conocimientos previos en RCP 52 % (104), pero no en DEA 81,5 % (163). El test mostró fiabilidad y adecuación para análisis factorial (Alfa de Cronbach 0.75, Kaiser-Meyers-Olkin; 0.78, Bartlett p<0.05). Las preguntas abarcarón los tres primeros eslabones de la cadena de supervivencia, con ítems de dificultad media a alta. Las mujeres tuvieron significativamente mejor desempeñó (p=0.04). Conclusión: la prueba COR-DEA es un instrumento válido y fiable para mejorar la educación del lego en RCP y uso del DEA basado en la cadena de supervivencia.

Determinación del riesgo de muerte por afecciones vasculares en hipertensos de la población peruana 2021-2022

Objetivo: determinar el riesgo de muerte inmediata por eventos vasculares en hipertensos de la población peruana en el periodo 2021-2022 Metodología: estudio observacional, de casos y controles basado en datos del sistema nacional de defunciones del instituto nacional de estadística e informática del Perú entre enero de 2021 a agosto de 2022. Fueron incluidos todos los pacientes, hipertensos y no hipertensos, que fallecieron por alguna de las afecciones vasculares seleccionadas en las variables las cuales fueron, además de la presencia de hipertensión: paro cardiaco, accidente cerebrovascular isquémico y hemorrágico, choque cardiogénico, Se realizó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y la razón de probabilidades para la estimación del riesgo. Resultados: de 5385 muertes por infarto de miocardio, 54,80% tuvieron hipertensión arterial; de 1425 muertes por choque cardiogénico, 45,12% fueron hipertensos; de 434 fallecidos por accidente cerebrovascular isquémico, 52,76% padecieron hipertensión arterial; de los 746 fallecidos por accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico, 56,97% fueron hipertensos; de los 4401 fallecidos por paro cardiaco, 25,61% también tuvieron hipertensión arterial. Se encontró que los hipertensos tuvieron un riesgo 7,52 veces mayor de morir por infarto agudo de miocardio, 3,39 veces por choque cardiogénico, 5,75 veces por accidente cerebrovascular isquémico, 10,27 accidente cerebrovascular hemorrágico y 1,94 veces por paro cardiaco. Conclusiones: las afecciones vasculares de mayor a menor riesgo de provocar la muerte en hipertensos son el accidente cerebrovascular, el infarto de miocardio, el accidente cerebrovascular isquémico, el choque cardiogénico y el paro cardiaco.

Objective: To determine the risk of immediate death due to vascular events in hypertensive patients in the Peruvian population in the period 2021-2022. Methodology: Observational, case-control study based on data from the national death system of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics of Peru between January 2021 and August 2022. All patients, hypertensive and non-hypertensive, who died from any of the vascular affections selected in the variables which were, in addition to the presence of hypertension: cardiac arrest, ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident, cardiogenic shock. The Pearson's Chi-square test and the odds ratio were performed for the estimation of the risk. Results: Of 5385 deaths due to myocardial infarction, 54.80% had arterial hypertension; of 1425 deaths due to cardiogenic shock, 45.12% were hypertensive; of 434 deaths from ischemic stroke, 52.76% suffered arterial hypertension; of the 746 who died from hemorrhagic stroke, 56.97% were hypertensive; of the 4,401 deaths from cardiac arrest, 25.61% also had arterial hypertension. It was found that hypertensive patients had a 7.52 times higher risk of dying from acute myocardial infarction, 3.39 times from cardiogenic shock, 5.75 times from ischemic stroke, 10.27 times from hemorrhagic stroke and 1.94 times from heart attack. Conclusions: Vascular conditions from highest to lowest risk of causing death in hypertensives are cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, ischemic cerebrovascular accident, cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest.

[Differences between Spain's autonomous communities in the availability of semi-automatic external defibrillators outside the healthcare setting]. / Diferencias entre comunidades autónomas de España en la dotación de desfibriladores externos semiautomáticos fuera del ámbito sanitario.

BACKGROUND: Early defibrillation is one of the interventions that can most influence the prognosis of cardiac arrest. The objectives of this study were to determine the number of automatic external defibrillators outside the healthcare setting in each autonomous community in Spain and to compare the legislation of each autonomous community on the mandatory installation of defibrillators outside the healthcare setting. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out between December 2021 and January 2022 by consulting official data in the 17 Spanish autonomous communities. RESULTS: Complete data on the number of registered defibrillators were obtained from 15 autonomous communities. The number of defibrillators ranged from 35 to 126 per 100,000 inhabitants. At the global level, differences were observed between communities with mandatory defibrillator installation and those without (92.1 vs. 57.8 defibrillators/100,000 inhabitants). CONCLUSIONS: There is heterogeneity in the provision of defibrillators outside the health care setting, which seems to be related to the diversity of legislation on the mandatory installation of defibrillators.

Lesión cerebral post paro cardiaco: aspectos médicos, éticos y legales / Brain injury after cardiac arrest: Medical, ethical and legal issues disorder

RESUMEN Los sobrevivientes de la reanimación cardiopulmonar posterior a un paro cardiaco pueden tener un amplio rango de desenlaces y van desde recuperación neurológica completa, estado de vigilia sin respuesta, compromiso cognoscitivo diverso o la muerte. La lesión del tejido cerebral se presenta inmediatamente después del paro cardíaco, durante la reanimación y al retornar la circulación espontánea. La severidad y duración de la noxa isquémica determinarán el devenir neurológico. El examen clínico es el punto de partida en el abordaje multimodal del neuropronóstico. Se debe complementar con electroencefalograma, potenciales evocados somatosensoriales, neuroimágenes y biomar-cadores séricos. Entre un 10 a 15% de los pacientes con lesión cerebral posterior al paro cardiaco evolucionan hacia muerte por criterios neurológicos y son potenciales candidatos a la donación de órganos. Un retiro temprano de las terapias de sostenimiento de vida puede malograr la posibilidad de un potencial donante de órganos. Se puede estimar de manera temprana qué pacientes tienen mayor riesgo de evolucionar a muerte por criterios neurológicos. El neurólogo tiene un papel protagónico en el manejo de pacientes con lesión cerebral post paro cardiaco y sus decisiones tienen implicaciones éticas y legales.

ABSTRACT People who survive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after cardiac arrest, have a wide range of outcomes including complete neurological recovery, coma, compromised cognitive function and death. Injury of the brain parenchyma starts immediately after a cardiac arrest, during CPR and return of spontaneous circulation. The severity of the ischemic injury will define the neurological outcome. The first step needed to determine a neurological prognosis is the clinical exam, with the help of electroencephalography, somatosensory evoked potentials, neuroimaging, and serum biomarkers. Between 10 and 15% of patients with brain injury after a cardiac arrest, develop brain death and become potential candidates for organ donation. A premature withdrawal of vital support can hamper the possibility of organ donation. The patients with higher risk of developing brain death can be identified early based on neurological criteria. The neurologist has a major role in the approach of patients with brain injury after cardiac arrest and the decision making with legal and ethical consequences.

Elaboration of an educational video for cardiopulmonary resuscitation with chest compressions in adults / Elaboración de un video educativo para reanimación cardiopulmonar con compresiones torácicas en adultos / Elaboração de vídeo educativo para reanimação cardiopulmonar com compressões torácicas em adultos

ABSTRACT Objectives: to develop and analyze the face and content validity of a storyboard for constructing an educational video for training laypersons in cardiopulmonary resuscitation with only chest compressions in adults. Methods: a methodological study of storyboard elaboration and validity for producing an educational health video. The storyboard was submitted to analysis of 20 judges to assess its adequacy with the proposed objective. To assess the agreement between judges, the Content Validity Index was calculated. After validating the storyboard, video production took place. Results: the Content Validity Index met expectations. Its mean in each group was ≥ 0.90 (lay judges = 0.97; expert judges = 0.90; all judges = 0.94). Conclusions: the video produced is composed of scientific information, professional expertise and laypersons' perceptions, making it important evidence for health education.

RESUMEN Objetivos: elaborar y analizar la validez de apariencia y contenido de un storyboard para la construcción de un video educativo para la formación de legos en reanimación cardiopulmonar con solo compresiones torácicas en adultos. Métodos: estudio metodológico de la elaboración y validación de un storyboard para la producción de un video educativo en salud. El storyboard fue sometido al análisis de 20 jueces, para evaluar su adecuación al objetivo propuesto. Para evaluar la concordancia entre los jueces se calculó el Índice de Validez de Contenido. Después de validar el guión gráfico, se produjo el video. Resultados: el Índice de Validez de Contenido obtenido cumplió con las expectativas. Su promedio en cada grupo fue ≥ 0,90 (jueces legos = 0,97; jueces expertos = 0,90; todos los jueces = 0,94). Conclusiones: el video producido está compuesto por información científica, experiencia profesional y percepciones de los legos, lo que lo convierte en evidencia importante para la educación en salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: elaborar e analisar a validade de face e de conteúdo de um storyboard para a construção de um vídeo educativo para treinamento de leigos em reanimação cardiopulmonar somente com compressões torácicas em adultos. Métodos: estudo metodológico de elaboração e validação de um storyboard para a produção de um vídeo educativo em saúde. O storyboard foi submetido à análise de 20 juízes, para avaliação de sua adequação com objetivo proposto. Para avaliar a concordância entre os juízes, calculou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo. Após a validação do storyboard, ocorreu a produção do vídeo. Resultados: o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo obtido atendeu ao esperado. A média dele em cada grupo esteve ≥ 0,90 (juízes leigos = 0,97; juízes experts = 0,90; todos os juízes = 0,94). Conclusões: o vídeo produzido é composto por informações científicas, expertise profissional e percepções de leigos, tornando-se importante evidência para a educação em saúde.

Abdominal compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a scoping review / Compresiones abdominales durante la reanimación cardiopulmonar: una revisión de alcance / Compressões abdominais durante a reanimação cardiopulmonar: revisão de escopo

ABSTRACT Objectives: to map the scientific evidence on the use of abdominal compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with cardiac arrest. Methods: this is a scoping review based on the question: "What is the evidence regarding the use of abdominal compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with cardiac arrest?". Publications up to August 2022 were collected from eight databases. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews was used. Results: seventeen publications were included. The identified general population consisted of adults and elderly individuals. The primary outcome revealed significant rates of return of spontaneous circulation. Secondary outcomes indicated a significant improvement in heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and other outcomes. Conclusions: abdominal compressions have been shown to be beneficial. However, further clinical studies are needed to identify the best execution method and its impacts.

RESUMEN Objetivos: mapear la evidencia científica sobre el uso de compresiones abdominales durante la reanimación cardiopulmonar en pacientes con paro cardíaco. Métodos: esta es una revisión de alcance basada en la pregunta: "¿Cuál es la evidencia con respecto al uso de compresiones abdominales durante la reanimación cardiopulmonar en pacientes con paro cardíaco?". Se recopilaron publicaciones hasta agosto de 2022 de ocho bases de datos. Se utilizó la extensión de Informes Preferidos para Revisiones Sistemáticas y Metaanálisis para Revisiones de Alcance. Resultados: se incluyeron diecisiete publicaciones. La población general identificada estaba compuesta por adultos y personas mayores. El resultado primario reveló tasas significativas de retorno de la circulación espontánea. Los resultados secundarios indicaron una mejora significativa en la frecuencia cardíaca, la presión arterial, la saturación de oxígeno y otros resultados. Conclusiones: las compresiones abdominales han demostrado ser beneficiosas. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios clínicos para identificar el mejor método de ejecución y sus impactos.

RESUMO Objetivos: mapear as evidências científicas sobre o uso de compressões abdominais durante a reanimação cardiopulmonar em pacientes com parada cardiorrespiratória. Métodos: trata-se de uma revisão de escopo, baseada na questão: "quais são as evidências sobre o uso de compressões abdominais durante a reanimação cardiopulmonar em pacientes com parada cardiorrespiratória?". Foram coletadas as publicações até agosto de 2022 em oito bases de dados. Foi utilizado o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Resultados: incluiu-se 17 publicações. O público geral identificado foi composto por adultos e idosos. O desfecho primário evidenciou taxas significativas de retorno da circulação espontânea. Os desfechos secundários indicaram melhora significativa na frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial, saturação de oxigênio e outros resultados. Conclusões: as compressões abdominais mostraram-se benéficas. No entanto, mais estudos clínicos são necessários para identificar o melhor método de execução e seus impactos.

Reanimación cardiopulmonar y cerebral durante el embarazo. Revisión narrativa / Cardiopulmonary and brain resuscitation during pregnancy. Narrative review

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La reanimación cardiopulmonar representa el 1 a 2% de los ingresos a las unidades de cuidados intensivos. En 2018, 17.4 por cada 1000 pacientes embarazadas de Estados Unidos requirieron reanimación cardiopulmonar e ingreso a unidades de cuidados intensivos, con mortalidad del 52% posterior al primer día de puerperio. OBJETIVO: Aportar conceptos indispensables de reanimación cardiopulmonar, causas de paro cardiaco materno y difundir algoritmos de atención y respuesta luego de la activación de un código para probable cesárea de urgencia en los cuatro minutos posteriores al paro cardiorrespiratorio, en casos sin retorno a la circulación espontánea. Esto con la finalidad de aumentar la calidad de atención de salud y disminuir los índices de mortalidad materna. METODOLOGÍA: Primera etapa: búsqueda en PubMed de artículos con antigüedad no mayor a cinco años, publicados en inglés o español, Guías de Práctica Clínica de Perinatología Clínica, revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis. Segunda etapa: algoritmo de búsqueda ("cardiopulmonary resuscitation "[MeSH-Terms] AND "pregnancy" [MeSH-Terms]) AND ((y_5[Filter]) AND (systemati creview[Filter]) AND (english [Filter]) OR spanish [Filter])). RESULTADOS: Se reunieron 35 artículos o páginas web de los que se seleccionaron 19, incluidos 3 libros de texto relacionados con el tema y 3 páginas web gubernamentales. Además, se analizaron otros artículos para complementar el conocimiento del tema. CONCLUSIONES: El reconocimiento del colapso materno y la oportuna respuesta del personal de salud permitirán una reanimación cardiopulmonar de alta calidad; por esto debe fomentarse la capacitación al personal de salud.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation accounts for 1% to 2% of intensive care unit admissions. In 2018, 17.4 per 1000 US pregnant patients requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation were admitted to intensive care units, with mortality of 52% after the first postpartum day. OBJECTIVE: To provide essential concepts of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, causes of maternal cardiac arrest and to disseminate algorithms of care and response after activation of a code for probable emergency cesarean section within four minutes after cardiorespiratory arrest, in case of failure to return to spontaneous circulation. The aim is to increase the quality of health care and reduce maternal mortality rates. METHODOLOGY: First stage: search in PubMed of articles not older than five years, published in English or Spanish, Clinical Practice Guidelines of Clinical Perinatology, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Second stage: search algorithm ("cardiopulmonary resuscitation "[MeSH-Terms] AND "pregnancy" [MeSH-Terms]) AND ((y_5[Filter]) AND (systematic creview[Filter]) AND (english [Filter]) OR spanish [Filter])). RESULTS: Thirty-five articles or web pages were collected from which 19 were selected, including 3 textbooks related to the topic and 3 governmental web pages. In addition, other articles were analyzed to complement knowledge of the topic. CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of maternal collapse and timely response by health care personnel will enable high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation; therefore, training of health care personnel should be encouraged.

Construção e validação de tecnologia educacional para adolescentes sobre reanimação cardíaca / Elaboración y validación de tecnología educativa para adolescentes sobre reanimación cardíaca / Construction and validity of educational technology for adolescents on cardiac resuscitation

Resumo Objetivo Construir e validar uma história em quadrinhos para adolescentes sobre reanimação cardíaca. Métodos Estudo metodológico de abordagem quantitativa realizado em três fases: 1) revisão integrativa, 2) identificação das necessidades de aprendizagem (mediante inquérito transversal com 84 adolescentes) e 3) construção e validação de storyboard feito sob considerações da Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa. A história obedeceu aos seis passos do quadrinista Mccloud, e foi validada por 23 juízes que julgaram os quadrinhos pelo Instrumento de Validação de Conteúdo Educacional em Saúde. Utilizou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e o Teste Binomial para verificar se a proporção de concordância foi, estatisticamente, igual ou superior a 80%. Resultados A revisão integrativa justificou ser necessária a construção de tecnologias educacionais sobre Suporte Básico de Vida. Os 84 adolescentes apontaram necessidade de aprendizagem sobre os três primeiros elos de atendimento a uma parada cardíaca. A tecnologia trouxe, na narrativa da personagem Dara, instruções para aplicar Suporte Básico de Vida somente com as mãos em vítimas de Parada Cardíaca. Na validação, 17 (dezessete) dos 18 (dezoito) itens avaliados receberam nota máxima, a avaliação global da tecnologia obteve o valor 0,99. Conclusão Os juízes consideraram válida a tecnologia educacional do tipo história em quadrinhos para ensinar reanimação cardiopulmonar.

Resumen Objetivo Elaborar y validar una historieta para adolescentes sobre reanimación cardíaca. Métodos Estudio metodológico de enfoque cuantitativo realizado en tres fases: 1) revisión integradora, 2) identificación de las necesidades de aprendizaje (mediante investigación transversal con 84 adolescentes) y 3) elaboración y validación del storyboard realizado de acuerdo con reflexiones sobre la teoría del aprendizaje significativo. La historia siguió los seis pasos del autor de historietas Mccloud y fue validada por 23 jueces, que evaluaron la historieta mediante el Instrumento de Validación de Contenido Educativo en Salud. Se utilizó el Índice de Validez de Contenido y la prueba binominal para verificar si la proporción de concordancia era estadísticamente igual o superior a 80 %. Resultados La revisión integradora justificó la necesidad de elaborar tecnologías educativas sobre soporte vital básico. Los 84 adolescentes señalaron la necesidad de aprender sobre los tres primeros eslabones en la atención a un paro cardíaco. La tecnología proporciona, mediante la narrativa del personaje Dara, instrucciones para aplicar el soporte vital básico solo con las manos en víctimas de paro cardíaco. En la validación, 17 (diecisiete) de los 18 (dieciocho) ítems evaluados recibieron nota máxima, la evaluación global de la tecnología obtuvo el valor de 0,99. Conclusión Los jueces consideraron válida la tecnología educativa tipo historieta para enseñar reanimación cardiopulmonar.

Abstract Objective To construct and validate a comic book for adolescents about cardiac resuscitation. Methods This is a methodological study with a quantitative approach carried out in three phases: 1) integrative review; 2) identification of learning needs (through a cross-sectional survey with 84 adolescents); and 3) construction and validity of storyboard made under considerations of the Theory of Meaningful Learning. The story obeyed the six steps of comic artist Mccloud, and was validated by 23 judges who judged the comic book using the Educational Content Validation Instrument in Health. The Content Validity Index and the binomial test were used to verify whether the proportion of agreement was statistically equal to or greater than 80%. Results The integrative review justified the need to construct educational technologies on Basic Life Support. The 84 adolescents indicated the need to learn about the first three links of care in a cardiac arrest. The technology brought, in the narrative of character Dara, instructions to apply Basic Life Support only with the hands in victims of cardiac arrest. In validity, 17 (seventeen) of the 18 (eighteen) items assessed received the maximum score, and the overall assessment of the technology obtained a value of 0.99. Conclusion The judges considered the comic book type educational technology valid for teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Epidemiologia da mortalidade intraoperatória de um hospital público na Bahia no período de um ano / Epidemiology of intraoperative mortality of a public hospital in Bahia in a one-year period / Epidemiología de la mortalidad intraoperatoria en un hospital público de Bahía en un período de un año

A parada cardíaca com evolução para o óbito é o pior desfecho no cenário do paciente cirúrgico. A PCR intraoperatória é definida como aquela que ocorre do momento da admissão do paciente na sala cirúrgica até o fim da anestesia para o procedimento. Nesse contexto, a anestesia tem o potencial de induzir mudanças fisiológicas que interfiram na morbimortalidade do paciente cirúrgico. Avaliar a epidemiologia da mortalidade no intraoperatório do Hospital Geral Roberto Santos (HGRS) no período de um ano elucida o perfil de atendimento cirúrgico. Este estudo é do tipo transversal, retrospectivo de revisão de prontuários. Foram estudados pacientes submetidos à cirurgia eletiva ou de urgência com morte no intraoperatório, no período de junho de 2020 a junho de 2021. Dos óbitos avaliados, houve a predominância de pacientes do sexo masculino, entre 0 e 86 anos, de cirurgia de urgência e predisposição para ASA IV, tendo maior probabilidade de mortalidade. A causa mortis predominante foi choque, seguida por infarto agudo do miocárdio. As intercorrências foram bradicardia e parada cardiorrespiratória. O perfil epidemiológico do estudo em questão é muito semelhante ao de outros estudos, com restrições. Portanto, devido ao baixo número de mortes nesse período, faz-se necessária maior investigação do perfil epidemiológico, que visa analisar, juntamente, a mortalidade do intraoperatório e a mortalidade pós-operatória de trinta dias.

Cardiac arrest with evolution to death is the worst outcome in the surgical patient scenario. Intraoperative cardiac arrest is defined as that which occurs from the time of patient admission to the operating room until the end of anesthesia for the procedure. In this context, anesthesia may induce physiological changes that interfere in the surgical patient's morbidity and mortality. Assessing the epidemiology of intraoperative mortality at the Roberto Santos General Hospital (HGRS) in a one-year period contributes to elucidate the profile of surgical care. This cross-sectional, retrospective study reviewed medical records from patients who underwent elective or emergency surgery with intraoperative death from June 2020 to June 2021. Most deaths involved male patients aged between 0 and 86 years old, who underwent emergency surgery and showed predisposition for ASA IV, with a higher probability of mortality. Predominant cause of death was shock, followed by acute myocardial infarction. Complications were bradycardia and cardiorespiratory arrest. The epidemiological profile found is similar to that of other studies, with restrictions. Due to the low number of deaths in this one-year period, further investigation of the epidemiological profile is needed to jointly analyze intraoperative mortality and 30-day postoperative mortality.

El paro cardíaco con evolución a muerte es el peor desenlace en el escenario del paciente quirúrgico. El paro cardíaco intraoperatorio se define como el que ocurre desde que el paciente ingresa al quirófano hasta el final de la anestesia para el procedimiento. En ese contexto, la anestesia tiene el potencial de inducir cambios fisiológicos que interfieren en la morbimortalidad del paciente quirúrgico. La evaluación de la epidemiología de la mortalidad intraoperatoria en el Hospital General Roberto Santos (HGRS) durante un período de un año aclara el perfil de la atención quirúrgica. Se trata de un estudio transversal, retrospectivo de revisión de historias clínicas. Se estudiaron a pacientes sometidos a cirugía electiva o de emergencia con muerte intraoperatoria en el período de junio de 2020 a junio de 2021. De las muertes evaluadas hubo predominio de pacientes del sexo masculino, con edades entre 0 y 86 años, de cirugía de emergencia y predisposición para ASA IV, con mayor probabilidad de mortalidad. La causa predominante de muerte fue el shock, seguido del infarto agudo de miocardio. Las complicaciones fueron bradicardia y paro cardiorrespiratorio. El perfil epidemiológico del estudio en cuestión fue muy similar al de otros estudios, con restricciones. Por lo tanto, debido al bajo número de muertes en este período, es necesaria una mayor investigación del perfil epidemiológico, que tiene como objetivo analizar conjuntamente la mortalidad intraoperatoria y la mortalidad posoperatoria a los 30 días.

Clinical characteristics of patients with cardiac arrest induced by pesticide poisoning: Analysis of 15 cases

Introduction and objective: Pesticide poisoning induced cardiac arrest (PPICA) has rarely been reported before, and can easily be overlooked by physicians. The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of PPICA patients.MethodsThis was a single-center, retrospective analysis in the emergency intensive care unit (EICU) at tertiary medical facility, from January 2015 to December 2018.ResultsA total of 15 patients with PPICA in EICU were included, of which nine were females, where suicide was the only cause of poisoning. Thirteen were in-hospital cases and only three cases showed an initial shockable rhythm. On admission, patients’ median acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score was 20 (12, 21) and median sequential organ failure assessment score was 7 (4, 10). All cases required invasive mechanical ventilation and vasopressors therapy. Seven patients received blood purification therapy. The primary toxic agent was organophosphorus pesticide (OP) and all OP cases (8/15) received pralidoxime and atropine therapy. Thirteen patients received gastric decontamination. The primary complications were cardiogenic shock (10/15) and acute kidney injury (3/15). Seven patients survived at discharge. Of these, three made a full recovery without neurological sequelae.ConclusionsCardiac arrest has rarely been reported in pesticide poisoning before, and can easily be overlooked. Physicians therefore should pay attention to specific therapy and best supportive treatment, which could be critical to improve the disease outcomes. (AU)

Introducción y objetivo: El paro cardíaco inducido por envenenamiento por pesticidas (PPICA) rara vez se ha informado antes, y los médicos pueden pasarlo por alto fácilmente. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar las características clínicas de los pacientes con PPICA.MétodosEste fue un análisis retrospectivo de un solo centro en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de emergencia (EICU) en un centro médico terciario, desde enero de 2015 hasta diciembre de 2018.ResultadosSe incluyeron un total de 15 pacientes con PPICA en la UCIN, de los cuales 9 eran mujeres jóvenes, donde el suicidio fue la única causa de intoxicación. Trece fueron casos intrahospitalarios y solo 3 casos mostraron un ritmo inicial desfibrilable. Al ingreso, la mediana de la puntuación de la evaluación II de la fisiología aguda y la salud crónica de los pacientes fue de 20 (12–21) y la mediana de la puntuación de la evaluación de la insuficiencia orgánica secuencial fue de 7 (4–10). Todos los casos requirieron ventilación mecánica invasiva y terapia vasopresora. Siete pacientes recibieron terapia de purificación de sangre. El principal agente tóxico fue el plaguicida organofosforado (OP) y todos los casos de OP (8/15) recibieron tratamiento con pralidoxima y atropina. Trece pacientes recibieron descontaminación gástrica. Las principales complicaciones fueron shock cardiogénico (10/15) y lesión renal aguda (3/15). Siete pacientes sobrevivieron al alta. De estos, 3 se recuperaron por completo sin secuelas neurológicas.ConclusionesEl paro cardíaco rara vez se ha informado antes en la intoxicación por pesticidas y puede pasarse por alto fácilmente. Por lo tanto, los médicos deben prestar atención a la terapia específica y al mejor tratamiento de apoyo, que podría ser fundamental para mejorar los resultados de la enfermedad. (AU)

Parada cardiorrespiratória e cerebral: construção e validação de cenário simulado para enfermagem / Paro cardiorspiratorio y cerebral: construccíon y validación de escenario simulado para enfermería / Cardiorespiratory and cerebral arrest: construction and validation of simulated scenario for nursing

Objetivo:construir, validar e testar um cenário de simulação clínica para o manejo da parada cardiorrespiratória e cerebral para o ensino de enfermagem.Método:foi realizado design de estudo metodológico de desenvolvimento educacional realizado em três fases: elaboração de cenário simulado sobre parada cardiorrespiratória cerebral, validação do conteúdo e teste do cenário simulado com estudantes de graduação em enfermagem. A análise dos dados se deu pelo Índice de Validade de Conteúdo, considerando-se adequado um valor > 0,90 entre os juízes experts em enfermagem, e o Alfa de Cronbach para determinar a concordância da satisfação e autoconfiança na aprendizagem dos estudantes. Resultados:o cenário de simulação mostrou-se adequado para utilização no processo de ensino e aprendizagem e melhoria das competências cognitivas, comportamentais e psicomotoras, e obteve excelente índice de validação de conteúdo e na testagemdo cenário foi considerado satisfatório. Conclusão:considerou-se validado e apto para o uso nas práticas simuladas

Objective:to build, validate, and test a clinical simulation scenario for the management of cardiorespiratory and cerebral arrest for nursing education. Method:amethodological study design of educational development was carried out in three phases: development of a simulated scenario on cerebral cardiac arrest, content validation and testing of the simulated scenario with undergraduate nursing students. Data were analyzed using the Content Validity Index, with a value > 0.90 considered adequate among expert nursing judges, and Cronbach's alpha to determine the agreement of satisfaction and self-confidence in student learning. Results:the simulation scenario proved adequate for use in the teaching and learning process and to improve cognitive, behavioral and psychomotor skills, and obtained an excellent content validation index. Conclusion:it was considered validated and suitable for use in simulated practice.

Objetivo:construir, validar y probar un centro de simulación clínica para el manejo de la parada cardiorrespiratoria y cerebral para la enseñanza de la enfermería. Método:se realizó un diseño de estudio metodológico de desarrollo educativo llevado a cabo en tres fases: elaboración de un escenario simulado sobre parada cardiorrespiratoria cerebral, valoración del contenido y prueba del escenariosimulado con estudiantes de grado en enfermería. Los datos se analizaron mediante el índice de validez del contenido (un valor > 0,90 se consideró adecuado entre los jueces expertos en enfermería) y el alfa de Cronbach para determinar la concordancia de la satisfacción y la autoconfianza en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Resultados:el escenariode simulación se mostró adecuado para su uso en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje y la mejora de las competencias cognitivas, conductuales y psicomotoras, y obtuvo un excelente índice de valoración del contenido y en la prueba del escenariose consideró satisfactorio. Conclusión:se considera validado y apto para el uso en prácticas simuladas

Clinical characteristics of patients with cardiac arrest induced by pesticide poisoning: Analysis of 15 cases.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Pesticide poisoning induced cardiac arrest (PPICA) has rarely been reported before, and can easily be overlooked by physicians. The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of PPICA patients. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective analysis in the emergency intensive care unit (EICU) at tertiary medical facility, from January 2015 to December 2018. RESULTS: A total of 15 patients with PPICA in EICU were included, of which nine were females, where suicide was the only cause of poisoning. Thirteen were in-hospital cases and only three cases showed an initial shockable rhythm. On admission, patients' median acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score was 20 (12, 21) and median sequential organ failure assessment score was 7 (4, 10). All cases required invasive mechanical ventilation and vasopressors therapy. Seven patients received blood purification therapy. The primary toxic agent was organophosphorus pesticide (OP) and all OP cases (8/15) received pralidoxime and atropine therapy. Thirteen patients received gastric decontamination. The primary complications were cardiogenic shock (10/15) and acute kidney injury (3/15). Seven patients survived at discharge. Of these, three made a full recovery without neurological sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac arrest has rarely been reported in pesticide poisoning before, and can easily be overlooked. Physicians therefore should pay attention to specific therapy and best supportive treatment, which could be critical to improve the disease outcomes.

Las habilidades no técnicas en la reanimación cardiopulmonar pediátrica / Non-technical skills in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Introducción: El paro cardiorrespiratorio puede revertirse con medidas de reanimación en menos de 20 por ciento de los casos, si es atendido por un equipo entrenado en el curso de soporte vital avanzado pediátrico. A pesar de la masiva implementación de este entrenamiento y actualizaciones técnicas, la supervivencia no ha mejorado en la última década. El aprendizaje de habilidades no técnicas es uno de los temas a profundizar como estrategia para mejorar la sobrevida. Objetivo: Examinar la evidencia disponible sobre la percepción de los participantes del curso como escenario de entrenamiento para las habilidades no técnicas. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura entre octubre de 2020 y mayo de 2021. Se identificaron los términos utilizados en habilidades no técnicas, se convirtieron en términos MeSH. Se realizó una búsqueda avanzada en las bases de datos PUBMED y ERIC. Análisis y síntesis de la información: Se revisaron 11 artículos en los que se describen las percepciones de médicos, pediatras y enfermeras sobre las características de un líder efectivo, factores que influyen en el trabajo en equipo coordinado, la importancia de una comunicación efectiva y tener una adecuada conciencia de la situación en distintos escenarios de reanimación como trauma, urgencias y cuidado crítico. Además, las recomendaciones de los participantes sobre la simulación como herramienta de aprendizaje dichas habilidades. Conclusiones: Las habilidades no técnicas agrupadas en las categorías de liderazgo, comunicación, trabajo en equipo y conciencia de la situación, son percibidas como pilar fundamental en el funcionamiento y desenlace de la reanimación cardiopulmonar(AU)

Introduction: Cardiorespiratory arrest can be reversed with resuscitation measures in less than 20 percent of cases, if it is attended by a team trained in the pediatric advanced life support course. Despite the massive implementation of this training and technical updates, survival has not improved in the last decade. The learning of non-technical skills is one of the topics to be deepened as a strategy to improve survival. Objective: To examine the available evidence on the perception of course participants as a training scenario for non-technical skills. Methods: A literature review was conducted between October 2020 and May 2021. The terms used in non-technical skills were identified, they became MeSH terms. It was conducted an advanced search of the PUBMED and ERIC databases. Analysis and synthesis of information: 11 articles that describe the perceptions of doctors, pediatricians and nurses about the characteristics of an effective leader, factors that influence coordinated teamwork, the importance of effective communication and having an adequate awareness of the situation in different resuscitation scenarios such as trauma, emergencies and critical care were reviewed; and, the recommendations of the participants on simulation as a learning tool of these skills. Conclusions: Non-technical skills grouped in the categories of leadership, communication, teamwork and situational awareness, are perceived as a fundamental pillar in the functioning and outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation(AU)

Rescuers' characteristics associated with the correct chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

AIM: To analyse the caregivers' physical, anthropometrical and educational characteristics associated with adequate chest compression and full chest recoil during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). METHODS: An observational prospective research study was conducted. Emergency and critical care health professionals and students performed two minutes of chest compressions on a dummy. Depth and residual leaning after the compressions were assessed and their association with several variables (physical, anthropometrical, and educational) was analysed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-eight volunteers participated. Previous experience of the rescuer in less than six CPRs (OR = 3.03; 95% CI 1.2-7.63) was related to a higher probability of not achieving an adequate depth of compressions. Greater height (OR: .93; 95% CI .87-.99) and grip strength (OR: .94; 95% CI .89-.99) were associated with correct performance of chest compression. We did not find any characteristic related to chest recoil. CONCLUSIONS: The caregiver's previous experience with CPR was the strongest factor associated with adequate performance of chest compressions. To a lesser extent, the professional's height and upper body muscle strength also have an influence. No factors associated with the adequacy of full chest recoil were identified.

Características de los reanimadores asociadas a la correcta compresión torácica durante la reanimación cardiopulmonar / Rescuers’ characteristics associated with the correct chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Objetivos: Analizar las características físicas, antropométricas y formativas de los reanimadores asociadas a la correcta compresión y reexpansión torácica durante la reanimación cardiopulmonar. Metodología: Estudio observacional prospectivo. Profesionales y estudiantes sanitarios de urgencias y cuidados críticos realizaron 2min de compresiones torácicas sobre un maniquí. Se evaluó la profundidad y la presión residual tras las compresiones, y se estudió su asociación a diferentes variables (físicas, antropométricas y formativas) mediante la creación de modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: Participaron 238 voluntarios. Que el reanimador tuviese una experiencia previa en menos de 6 reanimaciones cardiopulmonares (OR: 3,03; IC 95%: 1,2-7,63) se asoció a una mayor probabilidad de no lograr una profundidad adecuada en las compresiones. Una mayor estatura (OR: 0,93; IC 95%: 0,87-0,99) y fuerza de aprehensión (OR: 0,94; IC 95%: 0,89-0,99) fueron condiciones que actuaron como factores predisponentes a la ejecución de una técnica correcta. Ninguna característica se asoció a la adecuación de la reexpansión torácica. Conclusiones: La experiencia previa del reanimador es el factor más fuertemente asociado a la correcta ejecución de las compresiones torácicas. En menor medida, también influye la estatura y la fuerza del tren superior del profesional. No se han identificado factores asociados a la adecuación de la reexpansión torácica tras las compresiones.(AU)

Aim: To analyse the caregivers’ physical, anthropometrical and educational characteristics associated with adequate chest compression and full chest recoil during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Methods: An observational prospective research study was conducted. Emergency and critical care health professionals and students performed two minutes of chest compressions on a dummy. Depth and residual leaning after the compressions were assessed and their association with several variables (physical, anthropometrical, and educational) was analysed using logistic regression models. Results: Two hundred thirty-eight volunteers participated. Previous experience of the rescuer in less than six CPRs (OR: 3.03; CI 95%: 1.2-7.63) was related to a higher probability of not achieving an adequate depth of compressions. Greater height (OR: .93; 95% CI: .87-.99) and grip strength (OR: .94; 95% CI: .89-.99) were associated with correct performance of chest compression. We did not find any characteristic related to chest recoil. Conclusions: The caregiver's previous experience with CPR was the strongest factor associated with adequate performance of chest compressions. To a lesser extent, the professional's height and upper body muscle strength also have an influence. No factors associated with the adequacy of full chest recoil were identified.(AU)

The simulation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the knowledge of rescuers: a quasi-experimental study / La simulación de la reanimación cardiopulmonar y el conocimiento de los socorristas: estudio cuasi-experimental / A simulação da reanimação cardiopulmonar e o conhecimento de socorristas: estudo quase-experimental

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the knowledge of rescuers before and after training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the realistic simulation method. Method: this is a quasi-experimental study carried out with 41 Basic Life Support rescuers covering 8 bases of the 18th Regional Health of Paraná. The rescuers responded to the Instrument for Assessment of Training in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation applied before and after the realistic simulation. Results: there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.02) in 6 of the 10 questions, which addressed: the sequence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers; the electrical charge of the automatic external defibrillator; the position, depth, and speed of chest compressions; the compression/ventilation ratio; and the handling of the automatic external defibrillator. In the other two questions — recognition of cardiorespiratory arrest and positive pressure ventilation device — there was no change in the answer alternative. There were 60% of correct answers for the questions when assessing prior knowledge and 90% of correct answers after the phases of the realistic simulation. Conclusion: rescuers did not fully complete the pre-test questionnaire; however, after the realistic simulation strategy, there was a significant increase in this knowledge. These results showed an improvement in the cognitive knowledge of rescuers after the simulation, which was confirmed by the increase in knowledge expressed in the post-test. This methodology can also be successfully applied to this professional category.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar el conocimiento de los socorristas antes y después de la capacitación de la reanimación cardiopulmonar con el método de la simulación real. Método: estudio cuasi-experimental, realizado con 41 socorristas del Soporte Vital Básico cubriendo 8 bases de la 18 Regional de Salud de Paraná. Los socorristas respondieron al Instrumento para la Evaluación de la Formación en Reanimación Cardiopulmonar, aplicado antes y después de la simulación real. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,02) en 6 de las 10 preguntas, que abordaban: la secuencia de maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar; la carga eléctrica del desfibrilador externo automático; la posición, profundidad y velocidad de las compresiones torácicas; la relación compresión/ventilación; y el manejo del desfibrilador externo automático. En dos preguntas -reconocimiento de la parada cardíaca y dispositivo de ventilación con presión positiva- no hubo cambios en la respuesta alternativa. Hubo un 60% de respuestas correctas para las preguntas al evaluar los conocimientos previos y un 90% de respuestas correctas después de las fases de la simulación real. Conclusión: los socorristas no responden totalmente a la cuestión de la prueba previa, mientras que, tras la estrategia de simulación realista, se produjo un aumento significativo de este conocimiento. Estos resultados demostraron una mejora en el conocimiento cognitivo de los socorristas después de la simulación, comprobada por el aumento del conocimiento expreso en el post-test, que esta metodología también puede ser aplicada con éxito a esta categoría profesional.

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar o conhecimento de socorristas antes e depois da capacitação de reanimação cardiopulmonar com o método da simulação realística. Método: estudo quase-experimental realizado com 41 socorristas do Suporte Básico de Vida que contemplam 8 bases da 18° Regional de Saúde do Paraná. Os socorristas responderam ao Instrumento para Avaliação da capacitação em Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar aplicado antes e depois da simulação realística. Resultados: obteve-se diferença estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,02) em 6 das 10 questões, as quais abordaram: a sequência das manobras de reanimação cardiopulmonar; a carga elétrica do desfibrilador externo automático; a posição, a profundidade e a velocidade das compressões torácicas; a relação compressão/ventilação; e o manuseio do desfibrilador externo automático. Já em outras duas questões — reconhecimento da parada cardiorrespiratória e dispositivo de ventilação com pressão positiva — não houve mudança quanto à alternativa de resposta. Encontraram-se 60% de acertos das questões quando avaliado o conhecimento prévio e 90% de acertos após as fases da simulação realística. Conclusão: os socorristas não atingiram com totalidade o questionário de pré-teste; entretanto, após a estratégia da simulação realística, houve um aumento significativo desse conhecimento. Esses resultados demonstraram melhoria no conhecimento cognitivo dos socorristas após simulação, o que foi comprovado pelo aumento de conhecimento expresso no pós-teste. Essa metodologia também pode ser aplicada com sucesso a essa categoria profissional.

Perioperative POCUS when the heart stops: futility or utility? / POCUS perioperatorio cuando el corazón se detiene: ¿sirve o no sirve?

Abstract: The incidence of cardiac arrest associated with anesthesia is approximately 5.6 per 10,000 cases and the precipitating causes are often known. Transesophageal echocardiography is the modality of choice during unexplained hemodynamic instability or cardiac arrest; but its utility is limited by the need of extensive user training. On the other hand, surface ultrasound has the advantage of simpler user training requirements and offers evaluation of multiple organs. Although its use intraoperatively is limited by poor access to the patient, and postoperatively by dressing and air, it still can be feasible if transesophageal echocardiography is not possible. This manuscript develops a protocol for using POCUS during a cardiac arrest, and emphasizes practical tips for image acquisition and communication of its interpretation.

Resumen: La incidencia de paro cardíaco asociado a la anestesia es de aproximadamente 5.6 por 10,000 casos y las causas son a menudo desconocidas. La ecocardiografía transesofágica es la modalidad de elección durante la inestabilidad hemodinámica no explicada; pero su utilidad es limitada por la necesidad de un entrenamiento extensivo del usuario. Por otra parte, el ultrasonido de superficie tiene la ventaja de requerimientos de entrenamiento más simples y ofrece la evaluación de múltiples órganos. Aunque su uso intraoperatorio es limitado por el pobre acceso al paciente y postoperatoriamente por los apósitos y el aire, ésta puede ser confiable si la ecocardiografía tran-s-esofágica no es posible.